Urogenital tuberculosis in a patient with end-stage renal disease

Abstract Tuberculosis is one of the most common infections worldwide with particularly high incidence rates in countries with unfavorable socioeconomic conditions and among persons with impaired immune systems. While most patients with this disease will present with pulmonary tuberculosis, immunocompromised individuals also commonly present with extrapulmonary manifestations. We report the case of a 28-year-old male patient with end-stage renal disease who presented with long-standing systemic symptoms and genitourinary manifestations, who was diagnosed with urogenital tuberculosis both by clinical and microbiologic criteria. Clinicians should always suspect tuberculosis in patients with chronic symptoms, especially in those with immunosuppression.

Vulvar tuberculosis-A rare manifestation of the disease / Tuberculose vulvar - Uma manifestação rara da doença

Abstract Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. According to data from the World Health Organization, this disease remains one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Although it most commonly affects the lungs, tuberculosis can compromise any organ. The present study reports a rare case of vulvar tuberculosis in a postmenopausal woman with a history of asymptomatic pulmonary and pleural tuberculosis, with no prior documented contact with the bacillus. Diagnosis was based on vulvar lesion biopsies, with histological findings suggestive of infection and isolation of M. tuberculosis by microbiological culture and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) essays. The lesions reverted to normal after tuberculostatic therapy.

Resumo A tuberculose é uma doença infeciosa causada pelo Mycobacterium tuberculosis. De acordo com dados da Organização Mundial de Saúde, esta doença mantém-se entre as principais causas demorte nomundo. Embora afetemais frequentemente os pulmões, a tuberculose pode comprometer qualquer órgão. O presente artigo relata um caso raro de tuberculose vulvar numa mulher na pós-menopausa, com antecedentes de tuberculose pleural e pulmonar assintomática, sem contato documentado com o bacilo. O diagnóstico foi feito com base na biópsia da lesão vulvar, com achados histológicos sugestivos da infeção e isolamento do M. tuberculosis pormeios de cultura e pela técnica da reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR). Após terapêutica tuberculostática, as lesões reverteram.

Genitourinary tuberculosis - a rare presentation of a still frequent infection in renal transplant recipients / Tuberculose genitourinária - uma apresentação rara de uma infeção ainda frequente nos doentes transplantados renais

Abstract Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in renal transplant recipients is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Genitourinary tuberculosis is a less frequent presentation and a high level of suspicion is needed to avoid treatment delay. Management is challenging due to the interaction of calcineurin inhibitors with antituberculous medications and the known side effects of these drugs, with higher prevalence in this population. The authors present a case of a renal transplant recipient with urinary and constitutional symptoms whom is diagnosed with tuberculosis after a prostatic biopsy in an already disseminated stage and develops hepatotoxicity to antituberculous therapy.

Resumo A infeção por Mycobacterion tuberculosis nos doentes transplantados renais está associada a morbilidade e mortalidade significativas. A tuberculose genitourinária é uma apresentação menos frequente desta infeção e é necessário um elevado índice de suspeição para evitar atraso no diagnóstico e tratamento. A abordagem terapeutica é desafiante dada a interação dos inibidores da calcineurina com os tuberculostáticos e os vários efeitos secundários destes fármacos, mais prevalentes nesta população. Os autores apresentam um caso de um doente transplantado renal com sintomas urínários e constitucionais que é diagnosticado com tuberculose após biópsia prostática e que desenvolve hepatotoxicidade à terapeutica.

Genito-urinary tuberculosis revisited - 13 years' experience of a single centre.

Background: Tuberculosis had been declared by the World Health Organization (WHO) as ‘public health emergency’ in 1993. Extra pulmonary tuberculosis (E.P.T.B.) comprises 20-25% total burden of the disease in which genitourinary tuberculosis (G.U.T.B.) is 4%. Timely diagnosis and treatment will prevent the sequelae of this disease. Aims: To know the varied clinical presentations, diagnostic modalities and management of G.U.T.B. Methods: During a 13-year-period, 117 retrospective cases of GUTB were admitted in the tertiary care centre. They were analyzed for clinical presentation, diagnostic modalities and management. Results: Young patients mainly in third decade of life were commonly affected with higher incidence in females. In our study, the most common presentation was irritative voiding symptoms (66.47%) followed by haematuria (47.60%). Although it can affect the entire organ in genito-urinary system but, in the present study, kidney was the most affected organ (64.9%) following ureter (27.35%), urinary bladder (17.09%), prostate (3.4%) and epididymis (5.19%). In this study, we had not encountered any case of testicular and penile tuberculosis. Among the different diagnostic modalities in this study, the diagnostic positivity rate was 41.6% for the urine AFB test, 55.4% for the urine M. tuberculosis culture test and 67.7% for PCR. Chest x-ray was positive in 25.6% (30). ESR was raised in 62.5% and Mantoux test was positive in 61.2% patients. Conclusion: A high index of suspicion and a wide range of investigations may be required to achieve a complete diagnosis of genitourinary tuberculosis. Though short course chemotherapy with four-drug-regimen for sixmonth- duration is the mainstay of treatment, surgical interventions were required in 60% of cases of this study.

Review of genitourinary tuberculosis with focus on end-stage renal disease / Revisão acerca da tuberculose genitourinária com foco na insuficiência renal crônica terminal

Tuberculosis (TB) is a current public health problem, remaining the most common worldwide cause of mortality from infectious disease. Recent studies indicate that genitourinary TB is the third most common form of extra-pulmonary disease. The diagnosis of renal TB can be hypothesized in a non-specific bacterial cystitis associated with a therapeutic failure or a urinalysis with a persistent leukocyturia in the absence of bacteriuria. We report on the case of a 33-year-old man who presented on admission end stage renal disease (ESRD) secondary to renal TB and a past history of pulmonary TB with important radiologic findings. The diagnosis was based on clinical findings despite all cultures being negative. Empiric treatment with tuberculostatic drugs was started and the patient became stable. He was discharged with no symptom, but without renal function recovery. He is on maintenance hemodialysis three times a week. TB is an important cause of kidney disease and can lead to irreversible renal function loss.

A tuberculose (TB) é um problema atual de saúde pública, persistindo como a causa mais comum de óbito por doenças infecciosas. Estudos recentes indicam que a TB genitourinária é a terceira forma mais comum de doença extra-pulmonar. O diagnóstico da TB renal pode ser suspeito na presença de cistite bacteriana não-específica associada a falha terapêutica ou com exame de urina apresentando leucocitúria persistente na ausência de bacteriúria. Relatamos o caso de um paciente de 33 anos, sexo masculino, que apresentou na admissão insuficiência renal crônica terminal secundária à TB renal, que tinha história prévia de TB pulmonar, com importantes achados radiológicos. O diagnóstico foi baseado nos achados clínicos apesar de todas as culturas terem sido negativas. Tratamento empírico com drogas tuberculostáticas foi iniciado e o paciente evoluiu estável. Foi de alta assintomático, mas sem recuperação da função renal. Ele encontra-se em hemodiálise três vezes por semana. A TB é uma causa importante de doença renal e pode levar à perda irreversível da função renal.

Tuberculose urogenital: um diagnóstico desafiador / Urogenital tuberculosis: a challenging diagnosis

Realizar revisão de literatura científica sobre o histórico da tuberculose (TB), história natural da TB no ser humano, TB extrapulmonar em sua forma urogenital, incluindo epidemiologia, diagnósticoe tratamento.

Review of scientific literature on the history of tuberculosis (TB), the natural history of TB in humans, extrapulmonary TB in urogenital form, including epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment.

118 cases of orogenital tuberculosis in the south of Tunisia

The authors had for aim to study the epidemiological, clinical, therapeutic, and evolving features of urogenital tuberculosis [UGT] in the south of Tunisia. 118 patients presenting with UGT were retrospectively studied from January 1982 to December 2007 in South and Central Tunisia. The diagnosis of UGT was confirmed in all cases by clinical, biological, radiological, and/or histological data. 81 male and 37 female patients [mean age 38 years] were included. The most common presentation was storage lower urinary tract symptoms [57.6%]. General signs were observed in 25.4% of cases. The diagnosis of UGT was proven by bacteriological evidence [49.2%], positive bladder biopsy [12.7%], and pathological analysis of a surgical exeresis piece [68.6%]. The treatment was anti-bacillary chemotherapy for all patients, associated to a surgical excision [70.3%], reconstructive procedures [18.6%], and/or endoscopic manoeuvres [13.6%]. 80% of patients were regularly followed up for an average of 6 years. Favourable evolution was observed in 85.3% of cases. UGT remains a current severe disease because of the multiple risks that can result, especially for the renal function

118 cas de tuberculose urogenitale dans le Sud Tunisien

Objectif : Etudier les caracteristiques epidemiologiques; cliniques; therapeutiques et evolutives de la tuberculose urogenitale dans la region du Sud Tunisien. Patients et methodes : Etude retrospective de 118 cas de tuberculose urogenitale issus des regions du Sud et du Centre tunisiens. Le diagnostic a ete confirme chez tous les malades par un faisceau d'elements cliniques; biologiques; radiologiques; et/ou histologiques. Resultats : Il s'agissait de 81 hommes et 37 femmes ages en moyenne de 38 ans. Les manifestations cliniques revelatrices etaient dominees par les signes irritatifs du bas appareil urinaire (57;6). Les signes generaux ont ete observes dans 25;4des cas. Le diagnostic de certitude a ete obtenu par preuve bacteriologique (49;2); biopsie vesicale positive (12;7); et analyse anatomopathologique d'une piece d'exerese operatoire (68;6). Le traitement a consiste en une chimiotherapie anti-bacillaire chez tous les patients; en association avec une chirurgie d'exerese (70;3); une chirurgie de reconstruction (18;6); et/ou des manoeuvres endoscopiques (13;6). 80des patients etaient suivis regulierement avec un recul moyen de 6 ans. L'evolution a ete favorable dans 85;3des cas. Conclusion : La tuberculose urogenitale reste une maladie d'actualite; elle represente une maladie grave du fait des risques multiples qu'elle peut engendrer; particulierement sur la fonction renale.). Les signes generaux ont ete observes dans 25;4des cas. Le diagnostic de certitude a ete obtenu par preuve bacteriologique (49;2); biopsie vesicale positive (12;7); et analyse anatomopathologique d'une piece d'exerese operatoire (68;6). Le traitement a consiste en une chimiotherapie anti-bacillaire chez tous les patients; en association avec une chirurgie d'exerese (70;3); une chirurgie de reconstruction (18;6); et/ou des manoeuvres endoscopiques (13;6). 80des patients etaient suivis regulierement avec un recul moyen de 6 ans. L'evolution a ete favorable dans 85;3engendrer; particulierement sur la fonction renale

Urogenital tuberculosis: patient classification in seven different groups according to clinical and radiological presentation

PURPOSE: To describe and classify 80 cases of urogenital tuberculosis in seven groups of similar clinical and radiological presentation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 80 patients (56 males, 70 percent; median age 34 years; age range 12 to 75) with urogenital tuberculosis were retrospectively reviewed. The patients were divided in seven groups: 1) Bilateral parenchymatous renal lesions; 2) No or minimal changes on radiographic examination; 3) Unilateral renal tuberculosis; 4) Contracted bladder; 5) Contracted bladder with renal failure; 6) Tuberculosis on a transplanted kidney; 7) Isolated genital tuberculosis. RESULTS: 1) Seven (8.8 percent) patients had multiple bilateral parenchymatous renal lesions with fever and malaise, characteristic of miliary tuberculosis. Three of these patients had AIDS. 2) Six (7.5 percent) cases had an early diagnosis, with minimal or no radiographic lesions. Two did not have any urologic symptoms. 3) Twelve (15 percent) patients had unilateral renal tuberculosis with partial (1 case) or total non-function kidney. 4) Thirty-seven (46.3 percent) patients had contracted bladder associated with unilateral partial (1 case) or total non-function kidney. 5) Ten (12.5 percent) patients had end stage renal disease due to tuberculosis with contracted bladder. 6) Four (5.0 percent) patients had tuberculosis on a transplanted kidney, with graft loss in half the cases. 7) Four (5.0 percent) patients had prostate or epididymis tuberculosis without associated renal lesion. CONCLUSIONS: Urogenital tuberculosis is a destructive disease of the urogenital tract with variable clinical and radiographic presentation. A classification according to similar patterns correlating with disease stage is feasible although early diagnosis is the only prevention of the most severe forms.

Indinavir-associated toxicity mimicking urinary tuberculosis in a patient with AIDS

This case reported to a patient with AIDS who presented persistent sterile leukocyturia and hematuria, lower back pain, bladder suffering symptoms, and renal papillary necrosis which were thought to be secondary to urinary tuberculosis but were demonstrated to be indinavir-associated side effects. The intention of this report is to remind medical professionals involved in the care of HIV+ patients of this possible association in order to avoid unnecessary investigation and to stress the need of careful periodical assessment of renal function and urinalysis in patients treated with indinavir.

Tubercular ureteric strictures

To review the presentation of tubercular ureteric strictures and assesses the role of balloon dilatation and open surgical repair in their management. This was a retrospective review of tubercular ureteric strictures managed between January 1993 and December 2002. The records were analyzed to assess clinical presentation and compare the results of balloon dilatation with open surgical repair. Success was defined as adequate drainage on imaging, no worsening of renal function, no recurrence of symptoms and no requirement of intervention on further follow up. The long term success rates were compared using the t-test for proportion. Of 73 strictures, 88% had lower urinary tract symptoms. Genital abnormalities suggestive of tuberculosis was observed in 40% male patients. Urine examination yielded aseptic pyuria in 85%, positive AFB smears in 36% and positive AFB cultures in 32%. A small capacity bladder and non-functioning renal units were the only consistent findings on intravenous urogram. Nephrectomy was performed in 37% cases due to non salvageable kidneys at presentation. The success rate of stenting fell from 93% on immediate follow up to 59% on a follow-up of 12 months. At 90% success rates on a follow-up of 7 months open surgical repair was superior [p 0.03]. Long term success following balloon dilatation in renal units with good function was 78% compared to 25% for poorly functioning units. [p= 0.01]. Open surgical repair is superior to balloon dilatation in the management of tubercular ureteric strictures. Renal function may predict the success of balloon dilatation

CT and MRI in the diagnosis of tuberculosis.

The advent of CT and MRI imaging in the last two decades has redefined the approach and analysis of various diseases including tuberculosis. Tuberculosis afflicts hollow and solid viscera. Genitourinary, hepatobiliary and adrenal tuberculosis is uncommon in children. CT and MRI have however shown several advantages over conventional radiology and other imaging modalities in early diagnosis and follow-up of tuberculosis in different parts of the body.

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome presenting as testicular tuberculosis.

A 50 year old heterosexual male presented with fever and cough with expectoration of months duration, and swelling in the right testis. The serological tests showed positivity for HIV 1 and 11 antibodies. Testicular biopsy from the right testis showed epitheloid cell granulomas with central caseous necrosis and peripheral mantle of lymphocytes and plasma cells. Zeihl-Neelsen stain on tissue sections showed AFB positivity. To the best of our knowledge this is the second reported case of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome presenting as testicular tuberculosis.

Prevalence of genitourinary tuberculosis

The purpose of study was to diagnose and treat genitourinary tuberculosis in the Pakistani population and to save the organs before they were irreversibly damaged. Patient and methods: A total number of 45 cases were included in the two year study. All the cases were treated as out patients unless some surgery was required. Diagnosis was based on positive urine cultures for tuberculosis, typical histological findings or both. In few cases diagnosis was presumptive and subject to response to empirically given anti-tuberculosis therapy, was diagnostic. Chemotherapy was given for 6 months. Of the forty five cases 29 were males and 16 females. The commonest clinical presentation were non-specific bladder symptoms. Low grade pyrexia was not very common. Pyuria was present in 78% of cases, and of these 49% had sterile pyuria. In 47% urine stain for AFB was possible while urine culture for AFB was positive in 38% cases. Genitourinary tuberculosis should be suspected in presence of sterile pyuria, chronic cystitis, epididymitis, haemospermia and chronic discharging scrotal sinuses

Role of enzyme linked immunosorbent assay in the diagnosis of suspected cases of genito urinary tuberculosis.

The aim of study was evaluation of the utility of ELISA test using A60 Antigen for rapid diagnosis of Genitourinary Tuberculosis in various age groups. ELISA test based on mycobacterial antigen A60 (Anda biological, France) was used to estimate specific IgG antibodies in the sera of fifty four suspected cases of Genito urinary tuberculosis. (GUT)Sera of 30 montoux negative healthy adults (age/sex matched) were taken as control by detecting IgG anti bodies to A60 antigen. It was concluded from this study that IgM was positive in 87.0% of cases.

Tuberculoma of the spermatic cord

Objective and importance: Tuberculoma of the intrascrotal cord is rare. There were only 8 other cases reported in the English literature. Clinical presentation: A 40-year-old man presented with a painless mass in the left scrotal region. Preoperated frozen section showed it to be a tuberculous lesion. Intervention or technique: The mass was excised in toto and the final histopathology confirmed the frozen section and antituberculous drugs were administered. An awareness of this condition would prevent an orchidectomy on the patient for a benign lesion

Tuberculosis genitourinaria en la Araucania: experiencia en el Hospital Regional de Temuco / Genitourinary tuberculosis at Araucanía: experience at Hospital Regional de Temuco

Se estudian 62 casos con tuberculosis genitourinaria tratados entre 1989 y 1996. Corresponden a 41 hombres y 21 mujeres con un promedio de edad de 42,6 años. El 58,1 por ciento habita en localidad rural y un 37,1 por ciento tiene ascendencia mapuche. El 32,3 por ciento tiene antecedentes de tuberculosis anterior o concomitante. La latencia entre inicio de síntomas y diagnóstico fue de 13,1 meses, debutando el cuadro principalmente con hematuria macróscopica (45,2 por ciento), irritación vesical (44,9 por ciento) y dolor y/o aumento de volumen escrotal. La confirmación diagnóstica fue realizada en un 83,9 por ciento mediante cultivo y/o biopsia. Urocultivo de Koch fue positivo en un 69,4 por ciento. En el 90 por ciento la ecotomografía renal y un 74 por ciento la pielografía endovenosa resultaron alteradas, siendo el órgano más afectado el riñón. Fueron intervenidos quirúrgicamente 21 pacientes (33,9 por ciento). En 11 casos la evolución fue hacia una insuficiencia renal crónica. Todos recibieron tratamiento médico con esquema abreviado de 7 meses

Serodiagnosis of extrapulmonary mycobacteriosis by ELISA using 30,000 Da and PPD antigens

Serological diagnosis of 31 cases of extrapulmonary Mycobacteriosis [21 meningitis, 8 urinary, 10 bone and joint and one endometritis cases] 8 controls of other extrapulmonary cases and 16 healthy controls. ELISA test was used to detect serum Ig[G] and Ig[M] antibodies to 30, 000 Dalton [Da] and purified protein derivative [PPD] antigens of M. tuberculosis. The results were statistically analysed by accuracy index, sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values. Ig[G] detection using 30, 000 Da gave a higher sensitivity than PPD [66.6% and 52% respectively], while both antigens gave 100% specificity. On the other hand, the dual antigen gave a sensitivity of 85.7% and specificity 100%. A higher statistical significant difference was observed between cases and controls [P<0.005]. Detection of specific Ig[M] antibodies revealed no appreciable diagnostic value. It can be concluded from this study that the use of the dual antigen for detection of Ig[G] was reliable for the diagnosis of mycobacterial infection, however, it can't differentiate between Mycobacterial tuberculosis and other mycobacteria

Genitourinary tuberculosis: the importance of early diagnosis and management. Case presentation

Genitourinary tuberculosis is the second most common form of extrathoracic tuberculosis. The most common signs are persistent sterile pyuria in up to 90 of patients, irritative voiding symptoms and painless hematuria in up to 80 of the patients. In Puerto Rico the incidence of tuberculosis is rising, being 9.2 per 100000 population in 1992. A.I.D.S. has had a steady rise since 1983. With the rise in the incidence of both diseases and with the influx immigrants from countries were tuberculosis is endemic we should expect a rise in the number of cases of genitourinary tuberculosis. Chemotherapy is the mainstay of treatment. Surgery is performed less often. Early recognition and management is important to avoid irreversible damage to the genitourinary tract. The cases of a 43 y/o man and a 30 y/o male with A.I.D.S. are discussed